haplogroup g origin haplogroup g origin

Men who belong to this group but are negative for all G2 subclades represent a small number of haplogroup G men. In Europeexcept in Italy G2a2b1 constitutes less than 20% of G samples. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011; 108: 1825518259. Haplogroup G men who belong to this group, but are negative for all G2a subclades, are uncommon in Europe but may represent a sizeable group in so far poorly tested areas east of Turkey. Beginning in 2008, additional G SNPs were identified at Family Tree DNA (L designations) and Ethnoancestry (S designations). In the ten remaining populations, haplogroup diversity spanned from a low of 0.21 in Adyghes, to highs of 0.88 in Azeris (Iran) and 0.89 in eastern Anatolia and 0.90 in Armenia. The frequency data were converted into isofrequency maps using the Surfer software (version 8, Golden Software, Inc., Golden, CO, USA), following the kriging algorithm using advanced options to use bodies of waters as breaklines. Kharkov VN, Stepanov VA, Borinskaya SA et al. The mutations involved may be complicated and difficult to interpret. [36], G-PF3359 (or G2a2b2b; previously G2a3b2) was known prior to 2013 as G-L177. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, European Journal of Human Genetics (2021), European Journal of Human Genetics (2020), European Journal of Human Genetics (Eur J Hum Genet) G-M406* (G2a2b1*; previously G2a3a*) and its subclades seem most commonly found in Turkey and the coastal areas of the eastern Mediterranean where it can constitute up to 5% of all makes and 50% of haplogroup G samples. Hg G is very frequent in NW Caucasus and South Caucasus, covering about 45% of the paternal lineages in both regions2 in this study. [44] The "U" SNPs were identified in 2006 but not published until 2009.[45]. Y chromosomal heritage of Croatian population and its island isolates. Thank you for visiting nature.com. The most probably region of the initial phase of G-M201 is estimated to be in Anatolia, Armenia or western Iran. Haplogroup K2e (K-M147) was previously known as "Haplogroup X" and "K2a" (but is a sibling subclade of the present K2a). Interestingly, the decrease of hg G frequency towards the eastern European populations inhabiting the area adjacent to NW Caucasus, such as southern Russians and Ukrainians,18, 40 is very rapid and the borderline very sharp, indicating that gene flow from the Caucasus in the northern direction has been negligible. Haplogroup H Its identification caused considerable renaming of G categories. In human genetics, Haplogroup G-P303 ( G2a2b2a, [2] formerly G2a3b1) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. The non-clustering paraphyletic, hg G sub-group P303* residuals consist of samples from Near/Middle Eastern, Caucasian and European populations. The International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG) maintains the most up-to-date consensus version of haplogroup categories. So far all G2a1 persons have a value of 10 at STR marker DYS392. This haplogroup was found in a Neolithic skeleton from around 5000 BC, in the cemetery of Derenburg Meerenstieg II, Germany, which forms part of the Linear Pottery culture, known in German as Linearbandkeramik (LBK),[11] but was not tested for G2a3 subclades. Lacan M, Keyser C, Ricaut FX et al. In addition, we introduce five new markers: M426, M461, M485, M527 and M547 (Supplementary Table S2). Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994. volume20,pages 12751282 (2012)Cite this article. Kivisild T, Rootsi S, Metspalu M et al. Croat Med J 2005; 46: 502513. Although M527 frequency (Supplementary Table S1) is relatively low (16%), its phylogeographic distribution in regions such as southern Italy, Ukraine and the Levant (Druze and Palestinians) often coincides with areas associated with the Neolithic and post-Neolithic expansions into the Greek Aegean beginning approximately 7000 years ago.41 The expansion time (Td) of M527 is 71002300 years ago and is consistent with a Middle to Late Neolithic expansion of M527 in the Aegean. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2007; 44: 228239. While acknowledging that the inference of the age and geographic source of dispersals of Y chromosome haplogroups from the frequency and STR diversity data can be approximate at best, we speculate that this lineage could potentially be associated with the Linearbandkeramik (LBK) culture of Central Europe, as its highest frequency (3.45.1%) and Td estimate (Supplementary Table S4) of 108703029 years ago occur there. We estimate that the geographic origin of hg G plausibly locates somewhere nearby eastern Anatolia, Armenia or western Iran. [2], In 2012, a paper by Siiri Rootsi et al. In the case of the general frequency pattern of hg G, panel (a) was obtained by applying the frequencies from Supplementary Table S1 together with data taken from the literature, concerning 569 individuals representing 7 populations comprising Algerians,47 Oromo and Amhara Ethiopians,48 and Berbers, Arabs and Saharawis from Morocco.49 Dots on the map (a) indicate the approximate locations of the sampled populations. Luis JR, Rowold DJ, Regueiro M et al. Pericic M, Lauc LB, Klaric IM, Janicijevic B, Rudan P : Review of croatian genetic heritage as revealed by mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosomal lineages. [8][9], Furthermore, the majority of all the male skeletons from the European Neolithic period have so far yielded Y-DNA belonging to this haplogroup. Reduced genetic structure of the Iberian peninsula revealed by Y-chromosome analysis: implications for population demography. For the human mtDNA haplogroup, see. Haplogroup L2b1a is a branch on the maternal tree of human kind. . A separate study on the Argyns found that 71% of males belong to G1. The SNP L177 (a.k.a. G-L91 would seem to encompass a significant proportion of men belonging to G. L91 is found so far in scattered parts of Europe and North Africa and in Armenia. Encyclopedia of mtDNA Origins - Discover your maternal lineage. Hg G also occurs at frequencies ranging from 5 to 15% in both the rest of Near/Middle East and southern European countries (especially Italy and Greece), with a decreasing frequency gradient towards the Balkans and northern Europe. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74: 10231034. This is likely due to a local founder effect.[40]. However, interpretations based on simple haplogroup frequency clines do not recognize underlying patterns of genetic diversification. AAL thanks the Sorenson Molecular Genealogy Foundation. Paleolithic Y-haplogroup heritage predominates in a Cretan highland plateau. Two sources of the Russian patrilineal heritage in their Eurasian context. The authors of the Spanish study indicated that the Avellaner men had rare marker values in testing of their short tandem repeat (STR) markers. M286 was first identified at Stanford University at chromosome position 21151187, and is a mutation from G to A. These are found at: rs9786910, rs9786537, rs2713254, rs35567891 and rs34621155 on the Y chromosome. Chiaroni J, King RJ, Myres NM et al. There are additional subclades of DYS388=13 men characterized by the presence of specific SNPs or uncommon STR marker oddities. In order to determine if one of these alternative SNPs represents a subclade of M201, the alternative SNPs must be tested in G persons who are negative for the known subclades of G. There are only a tiny number of persons in such a category, and only a tiny number of persons have been tested for G equivalent SNPs other than M201. Behar DM, Yunusbayev B, Metspalu M et al. Gene pool structure of Eastern Ukrainians as inferred from the Y-chromosome haplogroups. Haak W, Balanovsky O, Sanchez JJ et al. To accommodate for variability in sample sizes and hg G content, haplogroup diversity was calculated using the method of Nei37 only in the 52 instances when total population sample size exceeded 50 individuals and 5hg G chromosomes were observed. [5] Cinnioglu et al. G1-M285, previously described in the Iranian population . Google Scholar. Its estimated Td of 120953000 years ago suggests considerable antiquity allowing time to accumulate STR diversity and also to disperse relatively widely. The presence of hg G was first reported in Europe and Georgia5 and later described in additional populations of the Caucasus.6 Subsequently, several data sets containing hg G-related lineages have been presented in studies of different European populations7, 8, 9, 10 and so on, as well as studies involving several Middle Eastern and South Asian populations.4, 11, 12, 13, Hg G, together with J2 clades, has been associated with the spread of agriculture,5 especially in the European context. While it is found in percentages higher than 10% among the Bakhtiari, Talysh people, Gilaki, Mazandarani and Iranian Azeris, it is closer to 5% among the Iranian Arabs and in some large cities. The hg G individuals in Supplementary Table S1 were either first genotyped for this study or updated to present phylogenetic resolution from earlier studies.2, 4, 10, 11, 13, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 All hg G (M201-derived) samples were genotyped in a hierarchical manner for the following binary markers: M285, P20, P287, P15, L91 P16, M286, P303, U1, L497, M406, Page19, M287 and M377. [16] The concentration of G falls below this average in Scandinavia, the westernmost former Soviet republics and Poland, as well as in Iceland and the British Isles. The North Ossetians in the mid northern Caucasus area of Russia belong overwhelmingly to the G2a1 subclade based on available samples. suggested that: "We estimate that the geographic origin of haplogroup G plausibly locates somewhere nearby eastern Anatolia, Armenia or western Iran. The National Geographic Society places haplogroup G origins in the Middle East 30,000 years ago and presumes that people carrying the haplogroup took part in the spread of the Neolithic Two scholarly papers have also suggested an origin in the Middle East, while differing on the date. Basically, haplogroups refer to organisms that have a common ancestor, identified by studying the nucleotide and mitochondrial mutations in cells. Geographic spread patterns of the P303-derived groups defined by L497, U1 and P15(xP303)-derived P16 and M406 lineages, all of which achieve a peak frequency of at least 10%, are presented in Figures 2bf, respectively. Because M201 was identified first, it is the standard SNP test used when testing for G persons. Age: About 7,800 years ago Origin: Eurasia Y-Haplotree. Achilli A, Olivieri A, Pala M et al. The hg G-U1 subclade is characterized by several sub-clusters of haplotypes, including a more diverse cluster mostly represented by Caucasus populations. It is one of two branches of the parent haplogroup GHIJK, the other being HIJK. The geographic origins of a Y chromosome haplogroup for males can be deciphered from the phylogenetic tree of mankind, or the Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree, maintained by the International Society of Genetic Genealogy ( ISOGG, 2016 ). Zalloua PA, Xue Y, Khalife J et al. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in These latter labs also made use of raw data results reported by individuals tested for about 2,000 SNPs at 23andMe to provide new L or S-designated SNP tests. Correspondence to We performed principal component analysis to determine the affinities of various hg G fractions with respect to total M201 among different populations, using the frequency distributions of the following sub-clades: M285, P20, M377, M287, P287, P15*, P16, M286, M485, P303*, L497, U1*, M527, M406 and Page19. Kaniewski D, Van Campo E, Van Lerberghe K et al. K-M2313*, which as yet has no phylogenetic name, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to India and South East Asia. Mitochondrial DNA variation of modern Tuscans supports the near eastern origin of Etruscans. Until 2008, new G SNPs were reported from labs at the University of Arizona (P designations), Stanford University (M designations) or the University of Central Florida (U designations). [10], A skeleton found at the Neolithic cemetery known as Derenburg Meerenstieg II, in Saxony-Anhalt Germany, apparently belonged to G2a3 (G-S126) or a subclade. Farther north, 8% of ethnic Hungarian males and 5.1% of ethnic Bohemian (Czech) males have been found to belong to Haplogroup G. In South Asia, some ethnic minorities possess haplogroup G at concentrations of approximately 18%[21] to 20%[22] of Kalash, approximately 16% of Brahui,[22] and approximately 11.5% of sampled Pashtun,[21] but in only about 3% of the general Pakistani population. In Turkey, the South Caucasus and Iran, haplogroup G reaches the highest percentage of national populations. Am J Hum Genet 2002; 70: 265268. Capelli C, Brisighelli F, Scarnicci F, Blanco-Verea A, Brion M, Pascali VL : Phylogenetic evidence for multiple independent duplication events at the DYS19 locus. His male-line descendants appear to remained rooted in the region for tens of thousands of years while the Ice Age was in full swing. Haplogroup G (Y-DNA) In human genetics, Haplogroup G (M201) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. Genetic evidence concerning the origins of South and North Ossetians. Chromosome Y microsatellites: population genetic and evolutionary aspects. Haplogroup G (M201) is a human Y-chromosome haplogroup. Amongst the Madjars, G1 was found at a rate of 87%. In contrast to G1, the absolute majority of hg G samples belonged to G2-P287-related sub-clades, with the vast majority of them being associated with G2a-P15-related lineages. The emergence of Y-chromosome haplogroup J1e among Arabic-speaking populations. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. But a high percentage of U1 men belong to its two subclades, G-L13/S13 and Z1266 (G2a3b1a1b). PLoS One 2011; 6: e17548. This video explains the migration route of Y-chromosome haplogroup G and the countries where it can be found today. The most recent study (2010) estimates the common ancestor of all men in haplogroup G lived in Asia about 17,000 years ago, and the ancestor of the G2 subgroup lived about 15,000 years ago. In Europe west of the Black Sea, Haplogroup G is found at about 5% of the population on average throughout most of the continent. They are found only in tiny numbers elsewhere. Haplogroup G, together with J2 clades, has been associated with the spread of agriculture, especially in the European context. The coming of the Greeks to Provence and Corsica: Y-chromosome models of archaic Greek colonization of the western Mediterranean. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. The presence of the SNP P18 mutation characterizes G2a1a's only subclade, G2a1a. (2004) Origin, diffusion, and differentiation of Y-chromosome haplogroups E and J: inferences on the neolithization of Europe and later migratory events in the .